Success, excellence, and expertise can be ascribed to performing musicians, composers/song writers, music producers, recording engineers, DJs, music critics, music academics and avid music ‘connoisseurs’ alike. This hierarchical notion of expertise in music persists in Western societies across almost all popular and art music styles and types of engagement. Blacking observed and described in detail how some cultures lack any notion of hierarchy according to musicianship status while others–particularly Western societies–make very clear distinctions between individuals, according to their ascribed specialist music skills and roles. However, the ways in which members of a society differentiate and specialise in their engagement with music varies greatly between cultures. Participation in musical activities occurs in every known human culture. The ability to engage with music in sophisticated ways is a unique and universal human ability. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors. However, it needs to be noted that BBC Lab UK did not give any funding towards the research. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have the following interests: The technical implementation of the large internet survey was carried out by BBC Lab UK. The technical implementation of the large internet survey was supported and carried by BBC Lab UK. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: The research was supported by a Goldsmiths Early Career Development grant awarded to Daniel Mullensiefen in 2010. Received: FebruAccepted: JanuPublished: February 26, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Müllensiefen et al. PLoS ONE 9(2):Įditor: Joel Snyder, UNLV, United States of America Results are discussed in terms of theoretical accounts of implicit and statistical music learning and with regard to social conditions of sophisticated musical engagement.Ĭitation: Müllensiefen D, Gingras B, Musil J, Stewart L (2014) The Musicality of Non-Musicians: An Index for Assessing Musical Sophistication in the General Population. Finally, we identify occupation, occupational status, age, gender, and wealth as the main socio-demographic factors associated with musical sophistication. Thirdly, we report results from several lab studies, demonstrating that the Gold-MSI possesses good psychometric properties, and that self-reported musical sophistication is associated with performance on two listening tasks. Next, we develop a novel measurement instrument, the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index (Gold-MSI) to assess self-reported musical skills and behaviours on multiple dimensions in the general population using a large Internet sample (n = 147,636). In this paper, we first describe the concept of ‘musical sophistication’ which can be used to describe the multi-faceted nature of musical expertise. The types of musical behaviours we refer to here are broad, ranging from performance on an instrument and listening expertise, to the ability to employ music in functional settings or to communicate about music. Individuals can differ in their repertoire of musical behaviours as well as in the level of skill they display for any single musical behaviour. Theta Music Technologies, Inc.: Theta music trainer - music training games.Musical skills and expertise vary greatly in Western societies. Atheneaeum - Polak & van Gennep, Amsterdam (2017) Marcus, G.F.: Musicality: instinct or acquired skill? Top. Law, L.N.C., Zentner, M.: Assessing musical abilities objectively: construction and validation of the profile of music perception skills. Honing, H., Ten Cate, C., Peretz, I., Trehub, S.: Without it no music: cognition, biology and evolution of musicality (2015) Accessed 12 June 2018ĮDuckApps: Perfect ear - ear trainer. Accessed 12 June 2018Įasy Ear Training Ltd.: Musical-u ear training exercises. Accessed 12 June 2018īBC Lab UK: How musical are you?. BBC: Musicality test reveals UK’s ‘untapped talent’.
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